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Air Pollution 

Their are 2 types of air pollution, its Primary polluntants and secondary pollutants. 

Primary polluntants are injected into the atmosphere directly. An example is Sulfur dioxide, its a gas formed when sulfur is exposed to oxygen at high temperatures during fossil fuel combustion, oil refining, or metal smelting.

A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. In other words its caused by the inter minglinhand reaction of primary pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutant.

 

 

AIr pollution on humans/earth

Air pollution impacts humans a lot and not in a good way, here are some things it causes us 

 

  • Breathing polluted air puts you at a higher risk for asthma and other respiratory diseases.

 

  • When exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people’s lung function decreased and they suffered from respiratory inflammation.

 

  • Air pollutants are mostly carcinogens and living in a polluted area can put people at risk of Cancer.

 

  • Coughing and wheezing are common symptoms observed on city folks.

 

  • Damages the immune system, endocrine and reproductive systems.

 

  • High levels of particle pollution have been associated with higher incidents of heart problems.

 

  • The burning of fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are causing the Earth to become warmer. Read about the effects of Global Warming here.

 

  • The toxic chemicals released into the air settle into plants and water sources. Animals eat the contaminated plants and drink the water. The poison then travels up the food chain – to us.

Air pollution also impacts the Earth a lot, and here is some things it causes 

 

  • Acid rain // Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into theatmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. 

 

  • Haze// Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air. Some haze-causing pollutants  are directly emitted to the atmosphere by sources suchas power plants, industrial facilities, trucks and automobiles, and construction activities.

 

 

  • Eutrophication // Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and lossof plant and animal diversity. Air emissions of nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars, trucks, and other sources contribute to theamount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems.

 

  • Global Climate Change// The green house effect keeps the Earth's temperature stable,  but the  evidence is mounting that humans have disturbed this natural balance by producing large amounts of some of these greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane. Because of this, the Earth's atmosphere appears to be trapping more of the sun's heat, causing the Earth's average temperature to rise. 

Water Pollution 

Their are two types of water pollutions and they are floating pollutants and dissolved pollutants. 

Floating pollutants are 

  • Bacteria ; responsible for some water borne diseases. 

  • Mold and mass may create odur and turbidity in the water

  • Protooza may create diseases 

  •  Viruses can be the cause of frightful diseases 

Dissolved pollutants are

  • positively charged chemical elements may change the color of water

  • negative charged chemical elements make water akaline and make it non drinkable

  • organic matters change the taste of the water and makes it poisonous 

  • gases make water unhealthy 

Water Pollution on Humans / Earth 

Water pollution impacts us humans a lot,. Here are some things that water pollution does to us 

 

  • Chemicals in the water have negative effects on our health. 

  • Pesticides  can damage the nervous system and cause cancer because of the carbonates and organophosphates that they contain. 

  • Nitrates  are especially dangerous to babies that drink formula milk. It restricts the amount of oxygen in the brain and cause the “blue baby” syndrome.

  • Lead  can accumulate in the body and damage the central nervous system. 

  • Arsenic causes liver damage, skin cancer and vascular diseases

  • Flourides in excessive amounts can make your teeth yellow and cause damage to the spinal cord.

  • Petrochemicals – even with very low exposure, can cause cancer.

 

 

 

Water pollution effects the earth as well, here are some things that it does

 

  • Water pollution destroys habitats

 

  • it kills plants

 

  • cause irreparable damage to many ecosystems

 

  •  polluted water spreads different toxins and other chemicals into environment, making it dirty, and above all unhealthy place to live in

 

  • can lead to an extinction of some animal species

 

  • water pollution also increases the impact of air pollution, because the more polluted water gets the better chance there is that some of these pollutants will evaporate into air

 

  • Polluted water is also one of the major contributing factors to acid rain creation

Land Pollution 

 Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly.

 

One type of land polution is Soil Contamination. The contamination of soil  is one type of pollution on land.  Some examples are ; 

  • dumping of household, industrial or sewage waste at landfills

 

  • excessive application of synthetic fertilizers and/or pesticides 

 

  • mining activities where heavy metals, sulfuric acid and other toxic chemicals used in the mining process leeches from mining waste into the soil, contaminating it

 

  • leakage of untreated sewage from underground sewage pipes into the surrounding soil

 

  • the emission of acid-rain forming air pollutants, which increase the acid content of the contaminated soil

 

  •  

    improper irrigation practices that lead to soil salination

 

The second type of land pollution is Loss of Original Constituents. It occurs when soil loses the original constituents that gives it its life-supporting capacity – a form of soil degradation. Some of the processes that bring about this type of pollution on land include soil erosion and desertification.

Ways it impacts human and earth 

Some ways that land pollution impacts humans and the Earth are ; 

 

 

  • industrial pollutants may render soil toxic  

 

  • destruction of micro organisms due to presence of heavy metals

 

 

  • soluble salt makes soil infertile 

 

  • infliction of several diseases due to presence of pathogenic substance into soil 

 

  • agricultural land becomes useless

 

  • more use of fertilizers on land may create hazards by entering into the food chain 

Noise Pollution 

noise pollution is harmful or annoying levels of noise, as from airplanes, industry, etc.

Our different types of noise pollution are ; 

  1. odium states the definition of noise as ‘“unnecessary sound which has no effect on the environment, still then it is called noise”

  2. harnel states that, “noise is unwanted unpleasant or disagreeable sound that cause discomfort and under industrial situation noise invites deafness

  3. in the words of Blum “noise is a disturbance maker in our concentration and it is interference maker in our efficiency    

What is the impact and how can we prevent it?

Noise pollution effects are the health consequences of regular exposure, to consistent elevated sound levels.  It impacts us a lot like it can cause
 

  1. permanent heaing loss

  2. high blood pressure

  3.  emotional and psychological effects such as irritability ,anxiety, and stews 

  4. excessive sound level can effect the circulatory system by increasing the blood pressure and altering pulse rates 

  5. can change the nature of person as he can acquire a quarreling nature

  6. possibility of mental retardation or madness

 

thier is more effects but this is just a few. 

Some ways to prevent this is is tocontrol the noise. 

reduce the noise at the source 

block the path of noise  
increase the path length
protect the recipient

 

Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.

 

Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution.

 

Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings. 

 

Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection. Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.

 

Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside.

 

Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.

 

Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.

 

Radiation Pollution 

Radiation Pollution can be defined as the release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by accident or by design.

The 2 type of radiation pollution is natural sources of Radio Activity and Man-Made radiation.

 

Natural sources radio-activity is not that dangeous, some examples are 

 

  • 1. Radioactive minerals;

  • 2. Cosmic rays;

  • 3. Radio nuclides.

 

Man-Made radiation is far more dangerous than natural source. 
some examples are 

 

  • radiation substances used for diagnosis and remedy for disease 

  • nuclear test 

  • atomic reactors and atomic power plants

  • radio active fall out from nuclear weapons 

  • any type of radio active waste

What is the Impact & how to prevent the problem?

Some things that radiation pollution cause us are ;

 

  • energy of the tissue and body decreases 

 

  • there can be possibility of cancer

 

  • effects of reproduction- lump and future generation may be affected 

 

  • radiation affects growth and development of embryo 

 

  • disorder in digestive system and blood deterioration 

 

  • it destroys body cells if it is more than 6000 rem 

 

  • effect to nervous system and death in few hours in case of radiation more than 100 rem

 

Some ways to prevent radiation, is to

 

 

Time: For people who are exposed to radiation in addition to natural background radiation, limiting or minimizing the exposure time reduces the dose from the radiation source.


Distance: Just as the heat from a fire is less intense the further away you are, so the intensity and dose of radiation decreases dramatically as you increase your distance from the source.


Shielding: Barriers of lead, concrete, or water provide protection from penetrating radiation such as gamma rays and neutrons. 

Urbanization 

An urban area is an area where most of the population reside, the congestion or densesess of the population is more, and most of the population is maintained on the non-agricultural employment or profession.

How urbanization has resulted in pollution issues 

Urbanization has caused some problems to the world and here are some : 

 

Some econmic problems are

  • provided inter-levelled structural facility 

  • construction of roads, railways, bus services, electricity, etc 

  • to make all this, it requires a lot of money that the governemnt might not have 

 

Some Social issues are 

  • possibilty in mental diseases, suicides, social restlessnes, etc. 

  • unmpolyment increases the cases of hijacking, robbery, murder ,gambaling, etc.

  

Some physical problems are

1.    problems with providing urban facilities 

         A.  water supply 

         B.  Drianage system ​

2.    problem dwelling and huts 

         A . increased number of slum areas 

         B.  slums lead to problem of water pollution and                   sanitation 

         C.  Increased changes of epedemics due to                             improper disposal of wastage 

 

 

What is a DISASTER?

A disaster is a sudden or great unfortunate event that causes death or injury to a lot of people and its impacts are major. A disaster can either be natural or a man made cause. 

 

Some examples of  natural disasters are earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, and snowfall. 

 

An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground it causes great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. It causes a lot of probems because it can destroy somes house and it can hurt/kill a lot of people. There are 2 types of earthquakes 

1. non-techtonic earthquake ; causes by explosins of a volcanoe 

2. Techtonic earthquakw ; due to elasticity of interior parts of the soil 

 

 

 

Some examples of a man-made problem is  communal riots, refugees, war, and terriosm. 

 

A war can cause a major disaster because its killing a lot of people ,and all the nuclear weapons and bombs , its destroying houses and innocent people. The most apparent effects include the destruction of environment, loss of property and displacement of people, there are numerous other effects that war has on the lives of people. The loss of human life is among the worst impacts of war. During wars, a high number of casualties from both the military and civilian population are recorded. Survivors of war suffer physical and psychological effects which could be long lasting in nature.

How disasters impact the environment and man kind 

Disasters impact us a lot, they cause 

  • the increase in the level of poverty and unemployment 

 

  • it causes death of people and damage to the proverty

 

  • it affects social structure of the society 

  • it disturbs the routine life of people for a long time 

 

  • may create political disturbances 

 

  • affects adversely agricultural production and manufacting activites 

 

  • reduces the process of investment sector 

 

  • deteriorates the standard living of the people

 

  • loss pf tamed animals and cattle production, scarcity of milk and milk products

 

  • reducess the level of economic development of the country 

Disaster Management  for an Earthquake

You always want to be prepared before and after an earthquake. You want to have a plan on what your going to do to be prepared for an earthquake and a plan after so you know what to do after all the damage. 

 

PRE DISASTER STEPS are // 

 

1. constant mapping of seismic zones

2. advising people to have insurance 

3. earthquake resistant bulildings should be made 

4. don't live in a place where earthquakws happen -.- (no brainer) 

5. have moblie hospitals 

6. national public awareness program

7. disturbution of relief manuals amoungest the people

 

 

 

 

POST - Disaster steps 

First stage -

 

A.  setting up a  disatser control room 

B.  taking the help of the military, medical team,  firew brigades, resuce teams, etc. 

C. get rid od dead bodies 

D. injured people must go to the hospital immediatly , must be saved 

E. rescuing people from debried areas

 

 

SECOND stage 

 

 

  1. repair and reconstruction of roads, buildings, railway lines, private and public buildigs should be started 

  2. developing nessesary infrastractue

  3. shifting from residence from a dangered area  to a safe area

 

 

 

 

THIRD stage 

 

  1. starting a long term plans for purpose of reconstruction 

  2. to coordinate and control of state and central government agencies 

 

 

 

 

FLOODS

Floods are caused due to heavy rain in an area . It creates great distruction and harm to human lives and property. We should have a pre planm and after plan and here are some ideas. 

 

 

Pre disatser mangement

 

  1. Watching the weather 

  2. prepare alsit of staff and volunteers for providing services 

  3. Arrange boats

  4. haviing a transportation plan 

  5. picking a good, high buliding 

  6.  preparing food supplys and water supplys

  7. migartion for people to  a safe area

 

 

Post disaster plan 

1st stage 

1. setting up of Disaster Control Room

2. taking help from the military , medical services, fire department, etc. 

3. get rid of dead bodies 

4. injured must be moved to a hospital 

5. rescuing humans 

 

 

2nd stage 

1. repairing and reconstruction of raods and boats

2. developing of necessary  infranstructure 

3. moving people from a dangeroured anrea to a safe area

 

 

 

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